Tag

education

CHILDREN OF THE MOST HIGH: Start Where You Intend to Finish

by Fudia Muhammad

In his monumental book, A Torchlight for America, The Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan explained that what we deem to be education in America is contrary to the true purpose of education. He writes, “Education is supposed to be the proper cultivation of the gifts and talents of the individual through the acquisition of knowledge. Knowledge satisfies our natural thirst for gaining that which will make us one with our Maker. So true education cultivates – mind, body and spirit – by bringing us closer to fulfilling our purpose for being, which is to reflect Allah (God). The second purpose for education, after self-cultivation, is to teach us how to give proper service to self, family, community, nation and then to the world” (p. 47)

Fudia Muhammad

We are taught that everything that Allah (God) created has an aim and purpose – and anything without aim and purpose is considered nothing. We are born into the world with an innate aim and purpose that drives us to know more about ourselves; and as a result know more about God. True education will allow us to justify our existence by understanding the aim and purpose for our being. Conventional education is deeply flawed because it focuses on superimposing external information, masked as preeminent knowledge and wisdom, which allows us to be better suited for this world; not the Kingdom of God.

The word ‘education’ comes from the Latin word, ‘educere,’ which means, “to bring out what is within.” The Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan said that children today are born with the intelligence for their era of time in history; so every generation is genetically capable of solving the problems of its time. Therefore, our children are more advanced than we are; however, we can unknowingly limit them based on our own limitations – forcing them to ingest outdated information and data. We must bring out what God has already put in. Student Minister Ava Muhammad, National Spokesperson for the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam, stated that at the age of three, our children are more intelligent than we are at the age of thirty. They are more intelligent, but we know more – there is a difference. This gives us the awesome responsibility of helping them to utilize their intelligence.

In the book, Closing the Gap: Inner Views of the Heart, Mind & Soul of The Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan, the Minister gives the following response to a question by Brother Jabril Muhammad concerning education: “The Honorable Elijah Muhammad said to me, ‘As in geometry, the shortest distance between two points is a straight line. So, it is in education.’ He said, ‘Why don’t you start the course where you intend to finish. You’ll be surprised how quickly the children are able to grasp the end of the course. And you are wasting valuable time leading up to something that they could grasp if you had the mind to teach.’ He said that, ‘At six years old, we should know what we want to do with our life’ ”(p. 393-394). The concept of ‘starting where you intend to finish,’ is applicable at every level of education – primary school through graduate school. But if understood, it can also be applied at the genesis of learning –infancy.

If we ask younger children what they want to become when they grow up, what do they typically say? They want to become a firefighter, a police officer, a doctor, or a teacher. Why do they choose these types of professions? Could it be that they have experienced or witnessed the end of the course – someone in their life or on television who is already working in that field makes it look appealing? They have no idea how much time is spent studying or training; how much money it costs to acquire the requisite skills or education; how much they need to grasp about physics, geography, chemistry or psychology. There is probably no tangible evidence that verifies that this child in fact wants to become a doctor, but they say it anyway because they have a visual of where they intend to finish. That’s powerful!

The Most Honorable Elijah Muhammad said, “You can have a university under a tree, as long as you are teaching subjects pertaining to the universe.” He said that children can learn as soon as we are able to teach them. We are taught to begin teaching our children while they are yet in the womb. So it is puzzling that so many of us take a twelve-month break from teaching our babies after they are born. We wait until they are one, two or three-years-old before we expose them to the fundamentals of literacy and arithmetic. Some parents even wait to send them to Kindergarten and leave it up to the teacher. If the baby can learn while in the womb – and he can – then the baby can certainly learn at six-weeks-old or at three months old.

In order to bring out what is within, our children must have basic training and fundamental tools; one of which is literacy. So how can we apply the concept of ‘starting the course where you intend to finish,’ with our infants while having literacy at the forefront? We must begin with the end in mind. For example, babies (infants) learn primarily through rote learning, which is memorization. Memorization is accomplished by repetition. We know that ultimately we want understanding; but there is great value in memorizing as an early learner. The method of rote learning is used primarily to learn alphabets, numbers, colors, and basic shapes. Later, we continue to use it to learn our multiplication facts and sight words (particularly those that do not conform to phonetic rules). But our babies can begin learning their alphabets, numbers, colors, shapes, body parts, action words, names of people, and more when they are just a couple of months old! They will not be able to show us what they have learned until a little later; but all the while, if we remain consistent, their brain will record and memorize everything. In time, they will be able to speak or physically demonstrate what they know.

So if the goal is reading; then we should start with reading whole-words. Purchase or create large flashcards (wait until later for screen time). Remember, they are born ready to learn. If we wait until they are four or five, then we have to start with phonemic awareness and phonics. But, if we teach them in infancy, then we can use the whole-word method. Show them the card and simultaneously say the alphabet or the word. The print should be neat and large; and our pronunciation should be clear. Their brains are like sponges at this age, so take full advantage and stimulate their brain activity during this rapid season of growth. Gradually increase to more words and stay consistent; even if it is only for 15-minutes a day. It is most effective to do short 5-minute intervals several times a day. The same can be done with learning action words, names of people, body parts, etc.

As the baby gets older, he will be able to express what he knows even before he can speak – by using gestures and other indicators. When we ask for a letter or word, he will grab the card. When he sees the word, ‘stomach,’ he will touch his stomach. When he sees the word ‘clap,’ he will clap. When he sees the name, ‘Farrakhan,’ he will go to his picture. By the time they are ready to speak, they will already know how to read. It sounds counterintuitive, but having this foundation will make the introduction of phonics and decoding easier. And more important, the mechanics of learning will not be a struggle because it is not a foreign concept, having done it since infancy.

Remember, the first revelation and instructions given to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was to read. “Read in the name of thy Lord who creates – Creates man from a clot, Read and thy Lord is most Generous, Who taught by the pen, Taught man what he knew not” (Holy Qur’an 96: 1-5). The Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan said that our life depends on our willingness to read. With so much that needs to be accomplished, let’s not waste time. Start the course where you intend to finish. We can give our children an amazing head-start and help them to cross that finish line in record time!

(Sister Fudia Muhammad is a member of Muhammad Mosque No. 64 in Austin, Texas. She is married to Student Minister Robert L. Muhammad and they have been blessed with four children. Sister Fudia holds a Master’s degree in Education – she is a writer, an educator and an advocate for God-centered child-rearing.)

April 9, 2018

Looking Ahead: What will 2018 mean for Black America?

written by AQMBlog Staff

By Charlene Muhammad & Barrington Salmon | FinalCall.com

Harsh realities await Blacks in 2018, and to overcome hurdles they must unite, better educate themselves and their children, and pool their resources, said activists, educators, and legal analysts.

Black awareness on the basic principles of economics and more involvement are key to a better year and future in economics, according to TeQuila Shabazz, founder and chief strategist of the BRIJ Embassy, which promotes business and economics and is located in Chicago.

It is a collective of over 5,000 members and supporters from all walks of Black life that work to build economic stability within Black America.

“Most of us are simply reacting to the environment without any true understanding of how to move beyond the world created for us. The majority of us are looped into a pattern of group think, stuck as consumers, not owners or creators,” stated Ms. Shabazz.

Black buying power is predicted to top $1.5 trillion by 2021, according to African-American Women: Our Science, Her Magic, a Nielsen report released in September. Ms. Shabazz suggested Blacks get back to the basic understanding of economics and expand the conversation beyond traditional financial literacy and consumerism, and take inventory of their time, money and resources for maximum benefit of their dollars.

Start first with self, then family, next local community, and then the community at-large, she explained. It’s the way at BRIJ, which promotes the Build Black movement through the Neo-Green Book, a guide to Black business and services, and accountability of individual and collective economic practices, according to Ms. Shabazz.

“Are we learning a new skill, like farming, that can help with both individual and collective independence, or are we binge watching our favorite show on Netflix? Are we making excuses of why we can’t support Black businesses, or are we planning ahead to make sure that we can? You have to be honest about who you are and your contribution to the problem or solution,” Ms. Shabazz said.

In criminal justice reform, Blacks must continue the dialogue around ending money bail and jail expansion, said Nana Gyamfi, a Los Angeles-based human rights attorney.

In addition to the 1.6 million people incarcerated in federal and state prisons, there are 646,000 people locked up in more than 3,000 local jails throughout the U.S., according to Prison Policy Initiative. Seventy percent of those in local jails are being held pretrial—meaning they have not yet been convicted of a crime and are legally presumed innocent.

“There’s a real push to reform the bail system, and I think that that push is getting a lot of traction, and that we may find in 2018 that in some places, bail is no longer an issue, unless we’re dealing with super serious cases and that we have less people that are spending months and years of their lives in jail, innocent until proven guilty, just because they can’t afford bail,” said Atty. Gyamfi.

She said Blacks must also continue to push back against jail expansion, and the investment of hundreds of millions of dollars into incarceration and policing.

In addition, connect the dots between immigration and detention centers and mass incarceration, she said.

The new year demands Black college students focus on acquiring the knowledge necessary to build a nation and a better future for their people, said Salih Muhammad, chairman of the Afrikan Black Coalition, which works to unify Black students across California and resolve issues concerning academic retention, academic policy, campus climate, matriculation, and political education.

According to a recent study (“The Asset Value of Whiteness: Understanding the Racial Wealth Gap,”) published by DEMOS, the median White adult who attended college has 7.2 times more wealth than the median Black adult who attended college and 3.9 times more wealth than the median Latino adult who attended college.

“Strategically, we must find innovative ways to best organize the resources we do have toward meaningful freedom-based objectives. Toward this goal, our biggest issue continues to be the lack of knowledge of self, which produces a downward spiral of productivity. The lack of self-knowledge robs our people the benefit of ‘education,’ ” he said.

Parents, guardians, and mentors should consider guiding young, Black people toward making a future for themselves, he argued. College access isn’t necessarily the pathway to freedom, personally or collectively.

Congress woman Brenda Lawrence of Detroit, Mich.

Learning trades certainly helps, according to Congresswoman Brenda Lawrence of Detroit, Mich., who sponsored the “Putting Black America to Work: the New Skilled Trade Workforce” panel at the 47th annual Congressional Black Caucus Foundation’s Annual Legislative Conference in September in Washington, D.C.

The United States is importing foreign welders for jobs that pay from $30-50 an hour, observed Gregory Clay in the AFRO.

According to Rep. Lawrence, the average age of skilled trade workers is 53, and the trades are one industry that needs an infusion of youth, especially from the Black community, wrote Mr. Clay.

Rep. Lawrence sponsored the panel to determine why young Blacks are seemingly shying away from the trades, such as welding, plumbing, construction, electricity, heating and air conditioning, post office positions, railway occupations, etc.

Salih Muhammad, a young leader and Nation of Islam student minister, cautioned against steering Black students into the social sciences and liberal arts without thought to what their educational outcome should be.

Others advocate self-education as a supplement to formal education to ensure Black students land on the right side of the economic track.

January 1, 2018

Motivation

CHILDREN OF THE MOST HIGH: Iqra (Read)

written by AQMBlog Staff

By Fudia Muhammad

“In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful. Read in the name of thy Lord Who creates — Creates man from a clot, Read and thy Lord is most Generous, Who taught by the pen, Taught man what he knew not” (Holy Qur’an 96:1-5).

The Holy Qur’an was not arranged in chronological order, the order in which the revelations came to Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him). Centuries have passed and its divine compilation remains a conundrum. However, we do know that in this Book of 114 surahs (chapters), we find the first revelation given to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) near the end of the Qur’an in the 96^th surah, The Clot. This surah opens with the first direct instruction ever given to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) from the Most High through the angel, Jabril. His instructions were: Read – or “Iqra” in Arabic. Interestingly, Allah (God) was well aware that his Prophet was illiterate; nevertheless, He commands the Prophet to, read. Why is reading so important? And why does this divine command come to us in a chapter titled, The Clot?

A blood clot is coagulating or congealed blood that forms a semi-solid lump or mass in the body. This is the physical make-up of every new life in the womb of a woman during its initial stage of development – just after conception. As the cells and tissues of this new life begin to multiply and take shape, the first and most essential organ of the body also begins to form – the brain.

Fudia Muhammad

The Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan teaches – just as the brain is the first part of the new life to develop, we should synchronize this development with the first instruction given by Allah (God) – read. While the baby is a clot – read. While the brain is developing – read. During each trimester of pregnancy – read. READ to our baby every day.

In his lecture, How to Give Birth to a God, the Minister said, “Talk to the child while it is in the womb. Teach it, read to it; not silly fairy tales. Read to it and read to it the most beautiful narratives, the most beautiful stories, the most beautiful attributes; read it into the child. Write on the paper of the child’s mind. Stamp his mind with your heart-felt desires for God and bring forth a child in the image and likeness of God.”

As a student of literacy, I was taught that there are five essential components of reading: phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency and comprehension. Once a student achieves basic comprehension, they are considered a good reader because reading is not just the recitation of words, but the ability to comprehend the meaning behind those words. In short, reading is understanding. An advanced reader is always involved in comprehensive reading – the ability to understand and connect to the material by purposely absorbing the meaning of each word, phrase, sentence and paragraph throughout the entirety of the text.

If a pregnant mother is truly reading, she is also thinking because thinking is required if our objective is to comprehend or understand what we are reading. Thinking is the result of stimulated thoughts, which are not abstract formless things. Thought is substance; it’s tangible; it’s real. Thought permeates from the mind and travels throughout the body, affecting every cell in the body – from the brain to the heel. How can this be easily proven? When one gets nervous or frightened; anxious or stressed…These are feelings from thoughts that in-turn cause a physical reaction in the body: The heartbeat increases, palms get sweaty, the stomach is nauseated – the mouth is dry. These are all physical reactions in different parts of the body from thoughts. If these symptoms of thought are not quelled, it could lead to a more serious condition; perhaps even nerve, tissue or organ damage. Well, what if these same thoughts or similar ones persisted and increased in intensity from the mind of a pregnant mother? How would the baby, who is completely reliant on the mother, be affected? What if, instead, those thoughts were positive?

Consider the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan’s words to Brother Jabril Muhammad: “The Honorable Elijah Muhammad told me once that, ‘It takes 500 seconds—eight minutes and 20 seconds for the light, traveling at 186,000 miles per second, to travel from the sun to the Earth.’ Likewise, he said, ‘It takes 500 seconds—eight minutes and 20 seconds for the blood to make a complete circuit between the heel and the brain and back.’ He said, ‘When you go to visit a person that is sick, if you put the right word in their ear, within eight minutes and 20 seconds you will see a change in the spirit of such person.’ What that told me was that the level of energy, light, spiritual power that is contained in right words communicated from the right motivation energizes the brain of the recipient of such word. That energy is delivered to every part of the body, thereby increasing the energy level of that person.”

Regardless to circumstances, no expectant mother is so busy that she cannot devote a minimum of 500 seconds – eight minutes and 20 seconds – every day to communicating the right words to her baby; energizing the brain of her baby. The Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan stated, “There is no other book more valuable to read, than that which God reveals for the destiny of human beings. The Word of God, whether you find it in the Bible or Qur’an is valuable if understood.” The Holy Qur’an, in particular, covers every aspect of life. It informs us of how best to live the life that Allah (God) gifted to us. These divine instructions should be passed on to our baby – imprinting them on the developing brain so that Allah’s (God’s) words become a part of the nature and character of the child. It may sound incredible, but the woman is in-fact blessed with this magnificent ability when she actively co-operates and co-creates with God.

Not only should the word of God be read to our baby; but we can also give our baby his/her purpose right from the womb. Ask yourself: What does our Nation need? EVERYTHING. How would you like your child to contribute to the upliftment of our people and Nation – through what field of endeavor: Health & Human Services, Agriculture, Education, Defense, Art & Culture, Trade & Commerce, Justice, Information or Science & Technology? We should choose a field and find books about that particular field and immerse ourselves in reading those books to our baby. With the help of Allah (God), we will produce a child with an inclination – a natural leaning – towards its purpose in science or health or agriculture or any of the aforementioned ministries.

The Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan has taught us that the brain of the child is fashioned by the thoughts, desires and blood of the mother. According to scientists, by the time the baby is born, it already has almost all of the neurons it will ever have; given to it by the mother. The brain of the child grows at an astounding rate the first years of life. From birth to age three, the brain develops 700 new neural connections every second. The brain doubles in size in the first year and by the age of three, it has reached 80 percent of its adult volume. Our babies are capable of learning almost anything during this critical period of brain development.

If we read to our baby consistently while in the womb, we will find that as we continue to teach our baby from infancy and beyond; he/she will learn with ease. Not only have we laid a foundation of divine and purposeful knowledge as a base for our child; but in addition, a desire and a natural inclination in him/her to read and to continue to learn.

All praise is due to Allah (God)!

Sister Fudia Muhammad is a member of Muhammad Mosque No. 64 in Austin, Texas. She is married to Student Minister Robert L. Muhammad and they have been blessed with four children. Sister Fudia holds a Master’s degree in Education – she is a writer, an educator and an advocate for God-centered child-rearing.

June 19, 2017

Divine Grind

College graduates: What are you planning to do with your degrees? What you know is only valuable if you know how to use what you know.

written by AQMBlog Staff

June 15, 2017

The Upper Situation Room

Public Education is a Facade: The Writing is on the Blackboard

written by AQM Blog Staff

Originally published 10.20.11

(Blogger’s Note: As Rick Perry is on the Presidential campaign trail tooting his own horn about the “miracles” of Texas, I thought it was fitting to share this article by my sister, Wakiti Muhammad, who is a school administrator at The Elevated Places school in Missouri City, Texas. She eloquently sums up the state of the educational system in Texas and the entire country. Looking forward to your comments!)

In her article titled “Public Education is a Facade: The Writing is on the Blackboard”, Sister Wakiti Muhammad writes:

Itâ€™s October and students in public schools all across the nation have settled into a new school year. The new school board members have taken office and the new principal has made his presence known, but the verbiage sounds quite familiar, and the old politics seem to be lingering around. While the band plays and the homecoming queen waves, the annual budget shrinks and the class size doubles. In the midst of new classmates, new books, and all of the new standards and objectives set, there is one fact that is becoming more and more apparent. When it comes to public education, the more things change, the more they remain the same.

When pregnancy and suicide rates are competing, when teachers are too busy seducing students to educate them, and when there are more assemblies on homosexual acceptance than college preparation, our children are left suffering. In a society where 49 million of us are considered functionally illiterate, our children are ill-equipped to create a reality for themselves and are being forced into an endless pool of educated beggars, desperately seeking a plantation to belong to. They are left delusional, placing their trust in a system that has already destined them to fail.

The evidence is undisputable. Public education is a facade. It is nothing more than an indoctrination of western civilizationâ€™s belief that mastery is only reserved for a select few.

The true purpose of education has always been to mold, cultivate, and train individuals in order that they may use their gifts and abilities to maintain and further enhance the society in which they live. What is the condition of our society? How is the current educational system preparing our youth to improve the quality of life for future generations? These questions can be answered by mere observance. Recent reports conducted by the NAACP show that over 33 states have increased their prison spending budget while decreasing their annual spending for schools. California alone outspends all other states in incarceration, and yet ranks 48th in yearly education spending. This is a blatant indication of the type of destiny this government has deemed for our children. By all accounts, by all measures, the school system has failed us.

In his book Torchlight for America, The Honorable Louis Farrakhan, National Representative of the Most Honorable Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam, stated, â€œIf America does not wake up and recognize the consequences of perpetuating the current system of education, then the countryâ€™s fate is sealed.â€

Undoubtedly, there have been many who have committed themselves to changing public education into the type of education that our children need and deserve. Countless educators and advocates of the past and present have given their lives and courageously fought for an equitable, purposeful education that reflects moral principles and self-sufficiency. They have stood alone and we have abandoned them, allowing them to take the full weight of a burden that rightfully belongs to us all.

It is time for us to stop allowing people who never believed we were qualified to be anything more than slaves to decide what goes in and out of our textbooks. We canâ€™t allow our children to be used as human monopoly pieces being sold off and bartered to the highest bidder. We can no longer be pacified with polite superficialities, while the creative minds of our babies our dulled to sleep. At the end of the school day, when there are no more balls left to be thrown and no more grades to be forged, all thatâ€™s left will be the writing on the blackboard. And it reads just as distinctly as a Michael Jackson lyric, â€œThey donâ€™t really care about us!â€

July 23, 2015

Read-A-Holics

2-Cent of New Orleans gives away thousands of books and releases “Every Book” spoof song

written by AQM Blog Staff

Originally published 1.27.10

by Jesse Muhammad

LOL…pardon me but I just can’t stop laughing at the latest song and video released by the New Orleans based group 2-Cent Entertainment. This group brings humor while giving the people what they want while injecting what they need. It’s what you would call edutainment at its best. I love their creativity.

Recently the diverse group gave away thousands of brand new books to Live Oak Elementary School in New Orleans.

In response to the massive book give away effort, they put together a new song called â€œEvery Book”, a spoof of Young Moneyâ€™s â€œEvery Girlâ€. The video made it’s world premiere on WorldStarHipHop.com and it’s a must see.

I support this group 1000%! Check out the latest video below:

July 21, 2015

Motivation Youth

WATCH: Muhammad University of Islam Promotional Video

written by AQM Blog Staff

This video is an overview what Muhammad University of Islam has to offer to our community and the world. We’ve been an independent educational institution for over 70 years. MUI’s curriculum is centered around God and His Idea. This allows us to produce a new student, with character, discipline, thirst for knowledge and a new mind, for a new world. We are thankful for the Most Honorable Elijah Muhammad and the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan for their sacrifice, love and for giving us the best educational institution on the planet.

(To learn more about MUI log on to www.muichicago.org or call 773-643-0700.)

July 14, 2015

Rolling Out Magazine invites Brother Jesse to be featured speaker at the annual SEEDING MINDS Children’s Literacy Event

written by AQM Blog Staff

Originally published 5.8.09

HOUSTONâ€“ rolling out, along with AMERIGROUP Community Care and Comerica Bank, is excited to present another Seeding Minds spectacular on Saturday, May 16, 2009, at Gregory Lincoln Education Center located at 1101 Taft St., from 10:00 a.m.â€“2:00 p.m. This is a FREE event!

Seeding Minds is a youth literacy initiative that targets Kâ€“8th grade students. The event is open to everyone and parents are encouraged to attend with their children. The purpose of Seeding Minds is to improve the literacy and reading comprehension of all youth.

Make plans to attend Seeding Minds. There will be celebrity guest appearances, including teen sensation Baby Jay, the first rapper and the youngest to receive a key to the city of Houston. We will celebrate the official Baby Jay Day at Seeding Minds. Childrenâ€™s authors Keith Davis Jr., Diane King and Carolyn Forsche will read from their latest works. Motivational speakers Dr. Wendy Johnson and Jesse Muhammad will speak about self-esteem and the importance of education.

Each child will leave with a greater love for learning, plus many great prizes from our sponsors. Also, every child will receive a book to start or add to their personal library.

Parents and teachers are asked to pre-register their students. For more information, contact Kim Floyd at (713) 645-1350 or e-mail kim@rollingout.com or visit www.seedingminds.com

July 8, 2015

Perspective

Costly lessons in quest for education

written by AQM Blog Staff

Originally published 5.6.09

College graduates surfing for jobs, drowning in debt and seeking a bailout

By Jesse Muhammad, Final Call Staff Writer

HOUSTON, Texas – Many college students, past and present, are wondering how banks and auto makers are being bailed out while there is no lifeline for those drowning in student loan debt while jobless or making little money with a college degree.

â€œIt can be extremely depressing at times,â€ said Saeeda Shabazz, 23, who graduated from Emerson College in Boston with a major in theatre studies. Since graduating in 2008, things have not gone according to plan.

Because she had no job offers coming out of school, she resorted to babysitting after returning to her parent’s home. She was making enough to get by until she lost that job. Now she’s even having trouble getting employment at a local bookstore and the interest rate on her student loans is increasing.

â€œI have a degree and can’t even get a job at Borders or Barnes & Nobles. I have already put my loans in deferment twice. So at this rate I will pay them off by the year 2028,â€ she said. â€œMany of my friends are working at malls with degrees and have student loans as well. Where is the bailout for the college students?â€
Read the full article and leave a comment log on to: http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/article_5981.shtml

July 8, 2015